Laser-induced periodic surface structures with ultrashort laser pulse

Laser-induced periodic surface structures(LIPSS) have a wide application prospect from sensing to solar power generation and photocatalysis mainly due to its nanoscale features and self-repetitive microscopic patterns. In this review we discuss various complex process of the interaction of ultrafast laser with matter during the formation of LIPSS, emphasizing the role of transient optical properties and surface structural changes. Then several representative LIPSS formation mechanisms are summarized and their respective advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Next, the change of materials during the formation of LIPSS is introduced, including the change of chemical composition, crystal structure and surface microstructure. Finally, the application of LIPSS in material surface treatment, optics and mechanics is reviewed.