Electromagnetic fields in air produced by underwater magnetic dipoles with attitude variation in real marine environment

Wireless data transmission from seawater to air is a challenging and valuable research hotspot. Ideally and theoretically, underwater electromagnetic (EM) waves can propagate across sea-air interface and the trans-media component in air can reach a great distance. However, in real marine environment, underwater antenna's attitude varies due to water current. In this paper, EM fields in air produced by underwater magnetic dipoles with varying attitude are investigated. The field distributions and intensity variations in air are presented. Experiments on sea were conducted and the data are compared with theoretical simulations. The results show that field in air is greatly affected by underwater antenna's attitude, and the effect is more obvious in vertical magnetic dipole than in horizontal one. In conclusion, it is indicated that EM waves have a great potential in wireless data transmission from seawater to air even if underwater antenna would have some attitude variation.