Architecture of p-i-n Sn-based perovskite solar cells: Characteristics, advances, and perspectives

During the past few years, Sn-based perovskites have been extensively investigated in the field of photovoltaics and are considered as one of the most promising alternatives for their Pb counterparts. For perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the rational design of the device architecture plays a critical role in obtaining high-performing devices, and architecture engineering has made a significant contribution to the development of Sn-based PSCs. In this Review, we summarize the advanced development of Sn-based PSCs from the viewpoint of architecture engineering. We begin with a demonstration of the distinctive characteristics of Sn-based perovskites, aiming at providing important guidance for architecture design toward high-performing PSCs. Next, up-to-date studies on the architecture engineering of Sn-based PSCs are comprehensively reviewed. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives regarding architecture engineering of Sn-based PSCs are discussed, which we hope will guide further development toward efficient and stable Sn-based PSCs.