耐极端烧蚀环境 C/C 复合材料研究进展

C/C composites are key thermal structural materials for hot-end components of aerospace vehicles. How- ever，their susceptibility to oxidation and ablation at high temperatures limits their applications in extreme environ- ments. Therefore，it is particularly important to improve the ablation resistance of C/C composites. The research prog- ress of anti-ablation C/C composites at home and abroad in recent years are systematically reviewed，focusing on 3 aspects：matrix modification，coating protection，and matrix-coating integration. In terms of matrix modification，based on the differences in component characteristics，it is divided into single-phase ceramics，multiphase ceramics，multi-component and high-entropy ceramics modified C/C composites，revealing oxygen blocking and anti-ablation mechanisms of oxidation products of ceramics. The coating technology focuses on analyzing the design principles and ablation behaviors of single-layer coatings，multi-layer composite coatings with gradient structure，micro/nano structure toughened coatings，and coatings with embedded structure interface，clarifying the mechanisms of interface matching optimization in alleviating thermal mismatch of coatings and ablation behaviors. Finally，according to the application re- quirements for extreme ablation environments，the future development directions for C/C composites are proposed，in- cluding oxidation and ablation mechanism analysis，optimization of structure and composition of composite materials，functional design of components，and cost-effective fabrication processes.