Numerical simulation of the nozzle angle effect on PDE performance

In order to investigate the effects of nozzles with different angles on PDE performance, PDE with nozzles of different convergent and divergent angles was simulated and propane-air mixture was used. The simulation results indicated that the effects of nozzles with different angles on PDE performance were not the same. While a series of expansion wave appeared earlier in the outlet of the convergent nozzle, the gas expanded perfect in the outlet of the divergent nozzle. For the PDE with convergent nozzle, the thrust augmentation was always positive no matter how the convergent angle changed. For the PDE with a divergent nozzle, there was a thrust loss with a divergent angle of over 9°. When the nozzle convergent angle was 9°, PDE obtained the highest performance.