Modeling of hot forging

This chapter focuses on systematic studies of the modeling of hot forging. In terms of macro modeling, the fundamentals of forward modeling, backward tracing modeling, and physical modeling are first introduced. Some key technologies in the macro forward modeling of hot forging are discussed. Then key technologies in the 3D backward tracing scheme for hot forging are presented. Finally, the structure and flow chart for the 3D rigid-viscoplastic FEM forward and backward modeling and simulation system are given. In terms of micro modeling, four modeling methods for microstructure evolution were first introduced: cellular automata (CA) model, internal state variable (ISV) based model, backpropagation algorithm (BP) neural network based model, and fully-coupling multiscale and cross-scale microstructure model (CACPFEM). The applications of various models in predicting the microstructure evolution of titanium alloys are discussed. Regarding the modeling research of specific hot forging components, on the one hand, based on 3D-PFS software, a 3D-FE forward model of hot forging blades is established, and the deformation laws of blades are provided. The optimization of shape and initial position of the preform of blades based on forward modeling and simulation is illustrated. Subsequently, a 3D-FE backward tracing model for the hot forging of blades is established, and its application for the preform analysis of hot forging of blades is discussed. Finally, the study on the physical modeling of the hot forging of blades using plasticine and lead is proposed. On the other hand, the establishment of a 3D-FE model based on the DEFORM-3D finite element software environment is introduced, including material parameters, geometric modeling and meshing, FE solver, friction conditions, etc. Then the model validation and its application in predicting macro and micro deformation and process analysis of isothermal local loading forging of Ti-alloy large-scale integral components are presented. The results provide theoretical guidance and practical reference for the numerical simulation of high-performance hot-forged components in the aerospace field.