Homogeneous Na Deposition Enabling High-Energy Na-Metal Batteries

Sodium (Na) metal as an anode is one of the ultimate choices for the high-energy rechargeable batteries in virtue of its intrinsic high theoretical capacity (1166 mAh g⁻¹) and low redox potential (−2.71V vs standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)), as well as its low cost and broad sources. Nevertheless, the dendrite-related hazards seriously block its practical application. Na dendrite formation mainly emanates from the uncontrolled Na deposition behavior. Therefore, it seems particularly important to employ appropriate strategies towards the homogeneous deposition of Na for the dendrite-free metal anode. In this review, the challenge of regulating Na homogeneous deposition for dendrite-free Na anodes is first discussed. Then, recent advances in the strategies of regulating the Na uniform deposition are summarized, including adjusting Na⁺ flux near the solid-liquid interface and improving sodiophilicity on the biphase interface. Lastly, perspectives on further research and important factors toward the practical application of high-energy-density Na metal batteries are emphasized in detail.