Bi-direction and flexible multi-mode morphing wing based on antagonistic SMA wire actuators

This work evaluates the viability of a cutting-edge flexible wing prototype actuated by Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) wire actuators. Such flexible wings have garnered significant interest for their potential to enhance aerodynamic efficiency by mitigating noise and delaying flow separation. SMA actuators are particularly advantageous due to their superior power-to-weight ratio and adaptive response, making them increasingly favored in morphing aircraft applications. Our methodology begins with a detailed delineation of the fishbone camber morphing wing rib structure, followed by the construction of a multi-mode morphing wing segment through 3D-printed rib assembly. Comprehensive testing of the SMA wire actuators’ actuation capacity and efficiency was conducted to establish their operational parameters. Subsequent experimental analyses focused on the bi-directional and reciprocating morphing performance of the fishbone wing rib, which incorporates SMA wires on the upper and lower sides. These experiments confirmed the segment's multi-mode morphing abilities. Aerodynamic assessments have demonstrated that our design substantially improves the Lift-to-Drag ratio (L/D) when compared to conventional rigid wings. Finally, two phases of flight tests demonstrated the feasibility of SMA as an aircraft actuator and the validity of flexible wing structures to adjust the aircraft attitude, respectively.