Assembly of thermostable fused compounds with oxidizers for laser-ignited energetic materials

Addressing the delicate balance between the energy and sensitivity of energetic materials has been a prominent research focus. Here, 7,8-dinitropyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazine-2,4-diamine (ICM-104) is assembled with oxidizer ions through coulombic interactions, achieving an increase in energy while maintaining relatively low sensitivity. X-ray diffraction results indicated that the two energetic salts have a layered structure different from that of ICM-104, and have high densities of 1.89 and 1.95 g cm⁻³, which are higher than most other energetic salts. Both have excellent thermal detonation velocity (8813 and 8857 m s⁻¹) and detonation pressure (33.2 and 35.7 GPa), higher than 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX) (D: 8795 m s⁻¹, P: 34.9 GPa). Moreover, compound 1 exhibits low mechanical sensitivities (FS > 360 N, IS > 40 J), which has great potential as an insensitive energetic material. In addition, two energetic salts have favorable laser-ignited combustion and propulsion performances, which provide new strategies for the formulation design of solid propellants.