A novel unified model predicting flow stress and grain size evolutions during hot working of non-uniform as-cast 42CrMo billets

The cast preformed forming process (CPFP) is increasingly considered and applied in the metal forming industries due to its short process, low cost, and environmental friendliness, especially in the aerospace field. However, how to establish a unified model of a non-uniform as-cast billet depicting the flow stress and microstructure evolution behaviors during hot working is the key to microstructure prediction and parameter optimization of the CPFP. In this work, hot compression tests are performed using a non-uniform as-cast 42CrMo billet at 1123–1423 K and 0.01–1 s ⁻¹ . The effect laws of the non-uniform state of the as-cast billet with different initial grain sizes on the flow stress and microstructure are revealed deeply. Based on experimental results, a unified model of flow stress and grain size evolutions is developed by the internal variable modeling method. Verified results show that the model can well describe the responses of the flow stress and microstructure to deformation conditions and initial grain sizes. To further evaluate its reliability, the unified model is applied to FE simulation of the cast preformed ring rolling process. The predictions of the rolling force and grain size indicate that it could well describe the flow stress and microstructure evolutions during the process.