The bullwhip effect under different information-sharing settings: A perspective on price-sensitive demand that incorporates price dynamics

Information sharing has been shown previously in the literature to be effective in reducing the magnitude of the bullwhip effect. Most of these studies have focused on a particular information-sharing setting that assumes demand follows an autoregressive process. In this paper, we contribute to the literature by presenting a price-sensitive demand model and a first-order autoregressive pricing process that is coupled to the optimal order-up-to inventory policy and the optimal minimum mean-squared error forecasting technique. We compare a no information-sharing setting - in which only the first stage of the supply chain observes end-customer demands and market prices, and upstream echelons must base their forecasts on downstream incoming orders - with two information-sharing settings, end-demand and order information and end-demand information. In the case of end-demand and order information, upstream echelons develop their forecasts and plan their inventories based on the end-customer demand, price information, and downstream orders. With end-demand information, upstream echelons use only end-customer demands and market prices to conduct their forecasting and planning. We derive the analytical expressions of the bullwhip effect with and without information sharing, quantify the impact of information sharing on the reduction of the bullwhip effect associated with end-demand and order information and end-demand information, and explore the optimal information setting that could most significantly restrain the bullwhip effect. Our analysis suggests that the value of these two information-sharing settings can be high, especially when the pricing process is highly correlated over time or when the product price sensitivity coefficient is small. Moreover, we find that the value of adopting end-demand and order information is always greater than that of end-demand information.