Synthetic Technology of Noncoding RNAs Used in Bone Disease Research and Therapeutics

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) play an essential role in the control of target gene expression underlying various processes of bone cells, thus dysregulation of ncRNAs is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of bone disease. Development of novel RNA-based therapeutics for bone disorders holds the promise to improve the healing of bone. This chapter summarized the technologies used for ncRNA synthesis which were employed in the therapeutic studies of bone-related diseases in the recent 5 years. Viral vector and chemical synthesis approaches were briefly introduced, and the novel biotechnology that was manufacturing recombinant ncRNA agents through microbial fermentation was highlighted. The in vivo fermentation method could achieve an efficient, large-scale, and cost-effective production of recombinant or bioengineered ncRNAs (as much as tens of milligrams from 1 L of bacterial culture), and this approach may shift the paradigm to apply the natural, endogenous-similar biological ncRNA molecules for bone disease research and therapy.