Optimizing deoxidizer in maraging steel for additive manufacturing: Impact on oxide refinement and impact toughness

Chao Wang; Xinyi Yang; Lilin Wang; Xin Lin; Geng Liu; Jie Su; Yajing Sun; Weidong Huang

doi:10.1080/21663831.2025.2489532

Optimizing deoxidizer in maraging steel for additive manufacturing: Impact on oxide refinement and impact toughness

Chao Wang, Xinyi Yang, Lilin Wang, Xin Lin, Geng Liu, Jie Su, Yajing Sun, Weidong Huang

School of Materials Sience and Engineering

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

The high oxygen content in additive manufacturing powders (up to 100 ppm) significantly increases oxide inclusions and reduces toughness. This study explored various deoxidizers to control oxides in laser powder bed fusion-processed (L-PBFed) maraging steels. A strong deoxidizer (0.11 wt.% Al) forms 65 nm Al₂O₃ due to its high oxide formation temperature. A weak deoxidizer (0.24 wt.% Si, 0.21 wt.% Mn) produces low-melting-point SiO₂-Cr₂MnO₄, which grows fivefold (135 nm) after heat treatment. Trace deoxidizer (Si/Mn/Al/Ti <0.01 wt.%) forms 45 nm TiO₂-Cr₂O₃-SiO₂ and achieves the highest cryogenic toughness (84 J). Controlling deoxidizer content is essential for optimizing L-PBFed maraging steels.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	623-631
Number of pages	9
Journal	Materials Research Letters
Volume	13
Issue number	6
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2025.2489532
State	Published - 2025

Keywords

Laser-powder bed fusion
cryogenic toughness
deoxidizer
maraging steel
oxide inclusions

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10.1080/21663831.2025.2489532

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title = "Optimizing deoxidizer in maraging steel for additive manufacturing: Impact on oxide refinement and impact toughness",

abstract = "The high oxygen content in additive manufacturing powders (up to 100 ppm) significantly increases oxide inclusions and reduces toughness. This study explored various deoxidizers to control oxides in laser powder bed fusion-processed (L-PBFed) maraging steels. A strong deoxidizer (0.11 wt.% Al) forms 65 nm Al2O3 due to its high oxide formation temperature. A weak deoxidizer (0.24 wt.% Si, 0.21 wt.% Mn) produces low-melting-point SiO2-Cr2MnO4, which grows fivefold (135 nm) after heat treatment. Trace deoxidizer (Si/Mn/Al/Ti <0.01 wt.%) forms 45 nm TiO2-Cr2O3-SiO2 and achieves the highest cryogenic toughness (84 J). Controlling deoxidizer content is essential for optimizing L-PBFed maraging steels.",

keywords = "Laser-powder bed fusion, cryogenic toughness, deoxidizer, maraging steel, oxide inclusions",

author = "Chao Wang and Xinyi Yang and Lilin Wang and Xin Lin and Geng Liu and Jie Su and Yajing Sun and Weidong Huang",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2025 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.",

year = "2025",

doi = "10.1080/21663831.2025.2489532",

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T1 - Optimizing deoxidizer in maraging steel for additive manufacturing

T2 - Impact on oxide refinement and impact toughness

AU - Wang, Chao

AU - Yang, Xinyi

AU - Wang, Lilin

AU - Lin, Xin

AU - Liu, Geng

AU - Su, Jie

AU - Sun, Yajing

AU - Huang, Weidong

PY - 2025

Y1 - 2025

N2 - The high oxygen content in additive manufacturing powders (up to 100 ppm) significantly increases oxide inclusions and reduces toughness. This study explored various deoxidizers to control oxides in laser powder bed fusion-processed (L-PBFed) maraging steels. A strong deoxidizer (0.11 wt.% Al) forms 65 nm Al2O3 due to its high oxide formation temperature. A weak deoxidizer (0.24 wt.% Si, 0.21 wt.% Mn) produces low-melting-point SiO2-Cr2MnO4, which grows fivefold (135 nm) after heat treatment. Trace deoxidizer (Si/Mn/Al/Ti <0.01 wt.%) forms 45 nm TiO2-Cr2O3-SiO2 and achieves the highest cryogenic toughness (84 J). Controlling deoxidizer content is essential for optimizing L-PBFed maraging steels.

AB - The high oxygen content in additive manufacturing powders (up to 100 ppm) significantly increases oxide inclusions and reduces toughness. This study explored various deoxidizers to control oxides in laser powder bed fusion-processed (L-PBFed) maraging steels. A strong deoxidizer (0.11 wt.% Al) forms 65 nm Al2O3 due to its high oxide formation temperature. A weak deoxidizer (0.24 wt.% Si, 0.21 wt.% Mn) produces low-melting-point SiO2-Cr2MnO4, which grows fivefold (135 nm) after heat treatment. Trace deoxidizer (Si/Mn/Al/Ti <0.01 wt.%) forms 45 nm TiO2-Cr2O3-SiO2 and achieves the highest cryogenic toughness (84 J). Controlling deoxidizer content is essential for optimizing L-PBFed maraging steels.

KW - Laser-powder bed fusion

KW - cryogenic toughness

KW - deoxidizer

KW - maraging steel

KW - oxide inclusions

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U2 - 10.1080/21663831.2025.2489532

DO - 10.1080/21663831.2025.2489532

M3 - 文章

AN - SCOPUS:105002639765

SN - 2166-3831

VL - 13

SP - 623

EP - 631

JO - Materials Research Letters

JF - Materials Research Letters

IS - 6

ER -

Optimizing deoxidizer in maraging steel for additive manufacturing: Impact on oxide refinement and impact toughness

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Keywords

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