Morphological regulation of platinum nanoflowers with high enzyme loading for glucose biosensing and biofuel cells

Glucose enzymatic biosensors and biofuel cells are particularly important in the development of wearable devices, and the performance of both devices is highly dependent on the rational design of enzyme carrier materials as well as the loading of active enzymes. Herein, we designed highly enzyme-loaded flower-like platinum nanoparticle modified electrodes (GOx_EPC/Pt NFs/CC) for glucose sensing and biofuel cells, which were modified with platinum nanoflower carriers on flexible carbon cloth substrate by urea-regulated one-step electrodeposition, followed by loading a large amount of glucose oxidase through enzyme precipitation coating. The biosensor exhibits high sensitivity (64.3 μA mM cm⁻²), ultra-wide linear range (0.01–31.31 mM) and low detection limit (3.3 μM). In addition, the biosensor also shows good selectivity, reproducibility, long-term stability and accuracy of real blood sample detection. The biofuel cell composed of the GOx_EPC/Pt NFs/CC electrode and the laccase-modified electrode displays an open circuit voltage of 0.34 V, a high maximum current density of 289 μA cm⁻², and a maximum power density of 19.2 μW cm⁻². These results show that the proposed enzymatic electrode construction strategy has great application potential in the field of biosensors and biofuel cells.