Constructing multiple heterogeneous interfaces in one-dimensional carbon fiber materials for superior electromagnetic wave absorption

Due to impedance mismatch and a single loss mechanism, carbon fiber fails to meet the requirements for efficient absorbers in terms of lightweight construction and broad absorption band. In this study, we have successfully prepared one-dimensional beaded SiO₂@SiC@C nanofiber (SSCF) composites with multiple heterogeneous interfaces by employing the electrospinning-carbothermal reduction method. The beaded SSCF composites effectively address the impedance mismatch issue by controlling silicon dioxide and silicon carbide through carbothermal reduction. This optimization enriches the defects and interfaces of carbon fibers composites, consequently enhancing the electromagnetic wave absorption performance. The SSCF composites demonstrate remarkable performance, with a minimum reflection loss of −59.53 dB at a matched thickness of 2.21 mm and a maximum absorption bandwidth of 6 GHz. This outstanding performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of the multi-phase composition, bead structure, and one-dimensional network structure. These features not only optimize impedance matching but also enhance defect loss, interface polarization loss (SiC/SiO₂, C/SiO₂, SiC/C, C/Air), conduction loss, and relaxation loss of the SSCF composites. Furthermore, radar cross-section analysis utilizing computer simulation technology confirms the excellent attenuation of microwave energy by the SSCF composites under realistic far-field conditions. This study provides valuable insights for designing efficient one-dimensional carbon-based electromagnetic wave absorbers.