A review on the multi-scale simulation of Z-pinned composite laminates

Z-pinned composite laminates have been increasingly applied to aircraft and other lightweight products. This paper reviews published multi-scale research into polymer composite laminates reinforced by z-pins. Basic knowledge of multi-scale strategy and z-pin reinforcements has been reviewed at first. Then the methodology and relevant research progress of micro- and macro-scale models are separately presented. Z-pin bridging micromechanisms and microstructure can be characterized by micro-scale modelling. The effects of z-pinning on the mechanical performances of composite laminates can be analyzed by the macro-scale models. The traction-separation laws can be derived from micro-scale models and further incorporated into macro-scale models, bridging two models together. Most finite element models show satisfactory agreement with experimental phenomena and analytical conclusions. Gaps in the multi-scale simulation of z-pinned composite laminates and future research opportunities are identified.