Titanium oxide nanotubes prepared by anodic oxidation and their application in solar cells

We review the history, fabrication procedures, and mechanisms of TiO₂ nanotubes prepared by the anodic oxidation of titanium. The influence of various preparation factors, such as electrolytes, pH value, voltage, bath temperature, and post treatment, on the structure and morphology of the TiO₂ nanotubes are discussed. This review also summarizes the application of TiO₂ nanotubes to dye-sensitized solar cells, quantum dot solar cells, and bulk heterojunction solar cells. A perspective on the future development of TiO₂nanotubes and their applications is tentatively discussed.