The state-of-the-art fundamentals and applications of micro-energy systems on-chip

In the past decade, micro-energy systems on-chip (MESOC) have been widely studied from energy collection to storage, management, and system integration, their applications have been explored in fields such as low-power and self-powered microelectronic devices (sensors, actuators, modulators, etc.). These applications fundamentally require an efficient, stable, and highly integrated power platform to meet specific energy demands. Traditional energy solutions rely heavily on external power supplies or periodic replacement of energy storage batteries. Although these approaches can provide stable power outputs, the large size and low energy density make it difficult to adapt to the miniaturization of electronic devices. Breakthroughs in the field of MESOC can significantly improve the portability and independence of advanced microelectronic devices by harvesting abundant environmental energy resources. In this work, we discuss new opportunities for MESOC, including newly investigated microscale energy harvesting devices, advanced energy storage devices, high-efficiency management modules, and system integration. Finally, future applications and prospects are discussed, aiming to promote a wider range of lightweight and efficient MESOC.