Recent advances in thermal management technology of lithium-ion batteries for land-sea-air-space high-end equipment: A comprehensive review

As high-end equipment evolves toward high efficiency, low carbon emissions, and extended endurance, lithium-ion batteries with high specific energy characteristics are increasingly becoming the core energy support. However, performance degradation caused by temperature sensitivity and the risk of thermal runaway constrain their application. Thermal accumulation during battery operation readily leads to capacity degradation and increased impedance, and under extreme conditions can even trigger thermal runaway. The unique thermal environments encountered in land, sea, air, and space applications further amplify the challenges of thermal management. This paper focuses on the distinct thermal management challenges for land, sea, air, and space equipment. It systematically reviews lithium-ion battery heat generation modeling methods, scenario-specific thermal management strategies, and advanced thermal management design approaches driven by topology optimization, surrogate modeling, artificial intelligence and digital twin technology. This study reveals the unique characteristics of thermal issues across different scenarios and anticipates the development trend toward multi-technology integration and intelligent adaptive systems. It provides theoretical reference for ensuring thermal safety and achieving breakthroughs in key technologies for high-end equipment energy systems.