Paper-based fluorogenic devices for in vitro diagnostics

In vitro diagnostics (IVD) are essential in healthcare systems for detection of diseases, conditions, or infections. Affordable and sensitive methods remain a challenge in the development of IVD. In this article, we give an overview of paper-based fluorogenic devices, an emerging cost-effective analytical method for IVD applications. The paper-based devices are inexpensive, sensitive, selective, user-friendly and equipment-free. Furthermore, the fluorescent detection on paper-based devices has recently attracted enormous attentions due to its high sensitivity and selectivity. We summarize and compare various fluorescent materials that are used in the paper-based fluorogenic devices, including fluorescent dyes, quantum dots, metal nanoclusters, upconversion nanoparticles, and carbon dots. We review a wide range of IVD applications of the paper-based fluorogenic devices, e.g., detection of nucleic acids, proteins, cells, and so on. It may open an avenue to improve the global healthcare systems in the developing countries at point of care settings and in emergency situations.