Impact of Morphological Dimensions in Carbon-Based Interlayers on Lithium Metal Anode Stabilization

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) offer high energy density and promise as a future technology. Yet, their adoption is hindered by safety concerns and cycle life stability, arising from Li dendrite formation, solid electrolyte interphase instability, and volume changes during cycling. In response to these challenges, carbon-based materials have been utilized as an artificial interface layer for modifying the surface of copper current collector in LMBs. Among the diverse carbon-based materials, 0D carbon, with its high specific surface area, is advantageous for enhancing Li ion transport rates and ensuring uniform current distribution. 1D carbon structures foster a network that facilitates Li ion diffusion, while 2D carbon establishes a protective layer, mitigating side reactions. 3D carbon structures promote Li deposition within their internal cavities, effectively controlling volume fluctuations. With this understanding, this review delves into the latest advancements in carbon-based materials for modifying copper current collectors. It offers a detailed exploration of how each dimension of carbon-based materials contributes to regulating Li deposition. Furthermore, the ongoing challenges and potential avenues in the development of carbon-modified copper current collectors for LMBs are spotlighted, aiming to provide insightful guidance for the design of anode-free Li metal batteries.