FEM analysis of residual stress of nano Ag bonding for multilayer piezoelectric ceramic actuators

Finite element method was used to calculate residual stresses that developed when PZT ceramics was bonded each other by the sintering of Ag nanoparticles. The results show that the residual stresses concentration caused by the thermal expansion mismatch between the PZT and Ag; The residual stresses centered on the joints of PZT and Ag. And the outer surface of PZT ceramics next to the joints is the weak area where cracks create easily.