Efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic overall water-splitting on CuZnGaS/BiVO₄ S-scheme heterojunctions

The technique of photocatalytic overall water splitting has emerged as a highly promising and feasible approach for achieving renewable energy conversion. This method effectively transforms solar energy into hydrogen and oxygen, contributing to sustainable energy development. In this study, a CuZnGaS/BiVO₄ S-scheme heterojunction system was synthesized using a simple hydrothermal method to enhance photocatalytic water splitting efficiency. The system, incorporating 17 wt% CuZnGaS, exhibited outstanding performance, achieving hydrogen and oxygen evolution rates of 163.3 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ and 69.4 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹, respectively, while maintaining stability over a 20-h period. Notably, a quantum efficiency of 0.0222 % at a 365 nm wavelength was accurately measured and documented. The formation of an S-scheme heterojunction within the system significantly accelerates the separation of photogenerated carriers and effectively extends the lifetime of charge carriers. These findings provide valuable insights for designing advanced systems for long-term solar energy conversion.