Dihydrazide-Mediated Crystal Engineering and Precursor Anti-Aging for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

Commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is hindered by challenges in crystallization control, long-term operational stability, and precursor degradation. Here, a multifunctional molecule, isophthaloyl dihydrazide (BDH), is introduced to simultaneously address these issues in inverted PSCs. BDH facilitates preferential crystallization via dual-site coordination with perovskite, resulting in improved crystallinity, suppressed non-radiative recombination, and enhanced charge transport. Its carbonyl groups effectively passivate uncoordinated Pb²⁺ ions, while the hydrazide functionality suppresses iodide oxidation in both solution and solid-state phases. This redox-stabilizing effect significantly extends the ambient shelf life of perovskite precursor inks to four weeks without compromising device performance. Consequently, BDH-modified devices deliver an impressive efficiency of 25.78%, retaining 94.6% of their initial value after 1000 h of maximum power point tracking and showing no degradation across nine light-dark cycles. Notably, the mini-modules (aperture area of 26.78 cm²) achieve a high efficiency of 22.30% and excellent stability.