Bionic-structured electromagnetic interference shielding composites

As electromagnetic pollution intensifies and the demand for high-precision electronic equipment increases, the development of high-performance, adaptable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with high-performance and adaptability has become a research focus. Inspired by natural structures, bionic designs offer unique advantages for the fabrication of advanced EMI shielding materials. These materials provide effective electromagnetic wave attenuation and are lightweight, flexible, and environmentally adaptable, thereby overcoming the limitations of traditional EMI shielding materials. This review systematically summarises the latest advancements in bionic-structured EMI shielding composites. This paper first introduces the design principles of bionic structures and then focuses on typical bioinspired systems, including nacre, honeycomb, leaf vein structures, and other nature-inspired structures. This review further explores common fabrication techniques and the structure–property relationships of materials with such structures, with a particular focus on performance optimisation strategies. Additionally, we examine the conformational relationships and underlying mechanisms governing the performance enhancements of bionic-structured EMI shielding composites. The challenges and future prospects of bionic-structured EMI shielding composites are also analyzed. This review aims to provide theoretical insights into structural innovation and performance enhancement, promoting the application of bionic-structured EMI shielding composites in aerospace, smart wearables, and medical electronics. This paper is expected to pave the way for the development of next-generation electromagnetic protection materials.