An effective and adaptive method of terminal area energy management (TAEM) based on online energy backstepping

The initial energy uncertainty of TAEM's window and its altitude-velocity coordinated control have drawn more and more attention, but most of the available research results are, in our opinion, not effective enough to solve these problems. We propose what we believe to be an effective and adaptive TAEM method based on online energy backstepping. Sections 1 and 2 explain the adaptive energy management mode and then design the adaptive guidance law. Section 1 develops an adaptive energy management mode, namely the direct entry and cone-alterable mode, which predicts the trajectory range with energy backstepping by using eq. (11), and then plans the trajectory with eqs. (12) through (16) dynamically; Figs. 1 through 4 are worth paying special attention to. Section 2 transforms a trajectory tracking problem into a model predictive static programming problem with eq. (20), and then uses the optimal theory to design an easily online adaptive guidance law by using eqs. (21) through (31). Section 3 gives a simulation example; the simulation results, presented in Table 1 and Fig. 6, which includes four sub-figures, show preliminarily that, on the condition that the TAEM window's disturbance is ±25%, an aircraft is able to enter into the auto-landing phase safely with the terminal velocity error of less than 10 m/s, altitude error of less than 350 m, lateral distance error of less than 150 m, demonstrating that the our method is indeed effective and has a better precision and online adaptiveness.