A Surrogate Model Assisted Switch Identification Method for the Real-Time Simulation of Resonant Converters in Electrified Transportation

Real-time simulation (RTS) is a crucial technology for the early-stage development of power electronics converters in electrified transportation. However, RTS faces challenges in accurately and rapidly identifying the switching statuses, particularly for uncontrolled devices, which limits the simulation capabilities of high-switching-frequency converters, such as resonant converters. In this article, a surrogate model assisted switch identification method is proposed for field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based RTS of resonant converters. This method allows for precise detection of the switch statuses with minimal computational effort, enabling accurate and fast RTS while avoiding zero-crossing oscillations. The RTS of the LLC resonant converter is implemented in an FPGA with a 50 ns time-step and demonstrates high accuracy compared to the Simulink reference model. Furthermore, the developed RTS is successfully applied to the controller hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) testing, of which the results are validated through experiments on the LLC prototype.