3D printed electrochemical energy storage devices

3D printing technology, which can be used to design functional structures by combining computer-aided design and advanced manufacturing procedures, is regarded as a revolutionary and greatly attractive process for the fabrication of electrochemical energy storage devices. In comparison to traditional manufacturing methods, 3D printing possesses unique advantages in geometrical shape design as well as rapid prototyping, especially with high surface area complex 3D structure constructions. Recently, a number of 3D-printed electrochemical energy storage devices have been reported, showing an increased interest of the scientific community. To further advance material design and technology development, comprehensive understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of each 3D printing technique and knowledge of recent progress in 3D-printed electrochemical energy storage are indispensable. To that end, a literature review of recent advances of 3D printing technology for capacitive energy storage is provided herein. Emphasis is given on the design of printing materials, printing process and electrochemical performance of printed devices. Some 3D printed structural solid electrolytes for energy storage applications are also summarized. Discussion and outlook on the potential future designs and development of 3D printing for electrochemical energy storage devices are provided in the text.