可瓷化高分子合成与功能化进展

The ceramizable polymers are a group of special functional polymers which can transform from organic cross-linked network to inorganic ceramics during pyrolysis or service under high temperature. This article reviews the latest research on ceramicizable polymers and their derived functional ceramics used under extreme and special environment and aerospace field. According to main elements contained in ceramicizable polymers, the design and synthesis of boron, zirconium, hafnium, iron-containing ceramic polymers are introduced in detail. The stoichiometric ratio, cross-linkable feature and linear, slightly cross-linked and hyperbranched topologies of ceramicizable polymers are key factors to the properties of pyrolyzed ceramics, including ceramic yield, mechanical property, high-temperature resistant and anti-oxidation performances. Due to their ceramicizable feature during pyrolysis or service, self-healing, and flame retardancy under high temperature or arc, the advanced ceramicizable polymers show remarkable application in high-temperature resistant and anti-oxidation ceramics, high-temperature adhesives, arc breakdown resistance and flame retardant coatings mainly used in extreme conditions. Then the new developments in the multifunctionalization of ceramicizable polymers such as electromagnetic wave absorbing materials and electromagnetic interference shielding materials are presented. The introduction of transition metal into ceramicizable polymer is highly effective to tune dielectric and magnetic properties of their derived ceramics. The excellent electromagnetic wave absorption at 885 ℃ with a low minimum reflection coefficient and a wide effective absorption bandwidth was achieved on iron-containing siliconboron carbonitride ceramics derived from the cross-linked network of hyperbranched polyborosilazane and 1,1'-bis(dimethylvinylsilyl)ferrocene. In addition, the perspective and further development of integration and intersection of ceramizable polymers are proposed, including but not limited to additive manufacturing, high-temperature self-healing and long-life composites, as well as metamaterials with potential in electromagnetic wave absorbing material at low frequency of 0.5-2 GHz.