Zinc Anode Stabilization in Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries: A Comprehensive Review of Challenges and Strategies

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are a promising energy storage technology, attracting significant interest for their high theoretical energy density, safety, and cost-effectiveness. However, their commercialization is hindered by persistent interfacial issues at the zinc anode, including dendrite growth, hydrogen evolution, and passivation. This review provides a systematic examination of these challenges, delving into their electrochemical origins and associated anode limitations. We categorize recent optimization strategies into three key domains: electrolyte engineering, anode design, and separator modification. Specific approaches, such as tailoring electrolyte solvation structures, modifying zinc surface and architecture, and functionalizing separators, are detailed to illustrate their effectiveness in stabilizing the anode interface. Finally, we summarize the prevailing constraints and outline future research directions, aiming to inspire the development of innovative materials and strategies for high-performance AZIBs.