Three-dimensional passive localization of near-surface targets using a deep-sea bottom mounted horizontal array

This paper presents a three-dimensional passive localization method for near-surface targets utilizing a deep-sea bottom horizontal array. The target range and azimuth are initially constrained to a cluster of curves derived from the measured direction of arrival. Source candidates along these curves are employed to compute replica acoustic fields, followed by the application of a weighted subspace matched-field processing approach to estimate the target's range and depth. The final azimuth is determined based on the estimated range. Results from both simulation and experimental data demonstrate that the proposed method achieves accurate localization without necessitating simultaneous observation of separable multipath arrivals.