Shape-controlled nanostructured magnetite-type materials as highly efficient Fenton catalysts

Nanostructured Fe₃O₄ particles were obtained through hydrogen thermal reduction of α-Fe₂O₃ particles synthesized via an ionic liquid assisted hydrothermal process. The morphology and microstructure of the nano-sized Fe₃O₄ particles were characterized by using X-ray diffraction, N₂ physisorption, transmission electron microscopy, and temperature-programmed reduction. As-prepared magnetite samples show microcube, nanosphere, and porous nanorod morphologies. Activity of the nanostructures was evaluated for the Fenton reaction, using phenol as model molecule. While commercial Fe₃O₄ presents very limited activity, rod-type nanostructure exhibited exceptional activity toward phenol removal under mild conditions; 98% phenol was converted, and the total organic carbon (TOC) abatement was 74%. The reusability of porous nanorods of Fe₃O₄ was also investigated after three successive runs, which demonstrated the promising application of the catalyst in the oxidative degradation of organic pollutants. In addition, the material activity is strongly affected by the reduction degree, highlighting the beneficial effect of Fe⁰/Fe₃O₄ mixed phase formation to achieve higher activity.