Recent Progress of Stereolithography-Based Additive Manufactured Electrodes for Supercapacitors: Materials, Structures, Performance, and Perspectives

Stereolithography-based additive manufacturing techniques, leveraging their superior capability for high-precision fabrication of 3D structures with well-defined periodicity and complex geometries, have unlocked unprecedented opportunities in constructing architecturally engineered 3D electrodes for advanced supercapacitors. Over the past few years, a series of groundbreaking achievements in stereolithography-based additive manufactured 3D structural electrodes have been successively reported, fostering a comprehensive understanding of recent advances and a strategic re-evaluation of future research direction. In this review, the latest representative progress in stereolithography-based additive manufactured electrodes for supercapacitors, covering ceramic-based electrodes, carbon-based electrodes, resin-based electrodes, and carbon-ceramic-based electrodes, is first summarized. Emphasis lies on the material systems, structure designs, and key performance. Then, the strengths and limitations of different categories of electrodes are discussed, while the problems and challenges of stereolithography-based additive manufactured high-performance 3D structural electrodes are also highlighted. To the end, future outlook and potential frontiers are proposed in terms of technological innovation, printable materials revolution, intelligent 3D structure design, and deep integration with AI technology, providing novel insights for the in-depth development of stereolithography-based additive manufactured structurally and functionally integrated high-performance electrodes for advanced supercapacitors.