Recent advances in the mechanism and catalyst design in the research of aprotic, photo-assisted, and solid-state Li-CO₂ batteries

Carbon dioxide (CO₂), resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels, is widely recognized as one of the main contributors to global warming. However, the existing carbon capture methods lack stability and cost-effectiveness. In order to tackle this issue, lithium-carbon dioxide batteries (LCBs) have emerged as a promising solution due to their high energy density and environmentally friendly nature. Nevertheless, the development of LCBs is still in its early stages, facing challenges such as low catalyst efficiency, electrolyte system instability, and an unclear mechanism. This review focuses on the reaction mechanism and cathodic catalysts of various types of LCBs, which include aprotic LCBs, photo-assisted LCBs, and all-solid-state LCBs. Lastly, the review paper summarizes the current problems and challenges associated with LCBs, providing suggestions and solutions to further advance the development and research of the LCB system.