Modulating solid propellant performance via multi-component synergy

Significant advancements in aerospace technology increasingly rely on solid propellants, which are essential for satellite launches and military applications. However, the development of these propellants faces substantial challenges that demand a comprehensive synthesis of insights to guide future research. Here, we discuss fundamental components of solid propellants and their evolution toward high-energy formulations, identifying four critical contradictions that must be addressed. Consequently, it is recommended that future research focus on balancing high energy, high safety, and controllable burning rates to optimize solid propellant performance. This Matter of Opinion offers practical guidance to advance solid propellants and tackle pressing challenges in aerospace engineering.