Modeling of the macro-scale nanostructured multilayer membranes in the rarefied atmospheres for multiple planets

The rarefied atmosphere of near-Earth space makes it challenging for traditional propulsion systems to achieve long-term in-orbit operation. Macro-scale nanostructured multilayer membranes are considered a new solution to this issue. Given the lack of comprehensive analysis of lift mechanisms in current research, and with the key parameters of core materials assumed not to vary with environmental conditions, a MATLAB-based mathematical model integrating photophoretic and Knudsen forces was systematically established in this paper. The effects of critical design parameters were comprehensively analyzed, with results demonstrating that hexagonal Knudsen pumps, a 50 % pump area ratio, and germanium-based thermal layers maximize thrust output. The feasibility of macro-scale nanostructured multilayer membranes for multi-planetary applications was theoretically validated.