Low-Cost and High-Resolution Three-Dimensional Side-Scan Sonar Array Design and Imaging Process

Three-dimensional (3-D) side-scan sonar (SSS) systems are essential tools for acquiring high-resolution 3-D images of underwater environments, enabling detailed seabed mapping and target detection. However, traditional 3-D SSS systems often face challenges such as significant array redundancy, low accuracy in height-related parameter estimation, and poor resolution in the along-track direction due to physical and cost constraints. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a low-cost and high-resolution 3-D SSS array design. The proposed system reduces redundant receiving arrays and optimizes both horizontal and vertical array arrangements to enhance imaging performance while reducing costs. Advanced signal processing techniques, such as the Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) beamformer, are employed to improve depth-direction estimation accuracy. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the designed 3-D SSS achieves superior resolution in the along-track direction, smoother height variations, and improved target discrimination compared to traditional systems. These advancements show the potential of the proposed design for practical underwater applications, offering a cost-effective and high imaging performance solution.