Lateral jet-rarefied hypersonic freestream interaction over a three-dimensional cone

A conserved discrete unified gas kinetic scheme is adopted to analyze how the incoming flow Knudsen number, freestream Mach number, and jet Mach number affect the flow-field characteristics and aerodynamic forces of a three-dimensional cone lateral jet model, thereby accounting for the 3D effect's contribution to jet interaction. Moreover, the differences between the constant-momentum-ratio and constant-pressure-ratio cases are compared and analyzed when either the freestream or jet velocity is changed. The results of this study accurately replicate the flow-field properties in near-continuum conditions, showing good agreement with those in classical literature. The evolution trend of the flow field under the influence of the rarefied-gas effect is also presented. The findings reveal that: 1) the three-dimensional effect markedly reduces the additional force/moment; 2) the principle, previously found in two-dimensional jet-model studies, that the height of the barrel shock remains unchanged with the momentum ratio when the freestream Mach number varies, still applies in the three-dimensional model; 3) when the momentum ratio or pressure ratio is kept constant while increasing the freestream Mach number, the local peak pressure value in the interference region has a linear relationship with the stagnation-point value, though their slopes differ; 4) maintaining a constant momentum ratio while varying the jet Mach number can also make the height of the barrel shock consistent. This research will provide valuable references for the application of jet-control devices in flight vehicles across various flow regimes.