In situ synthesis copper phosphate-protein hybrid nanoflower on nickel foam for the sensitive detection of glucose in body fluids

We have synthesized copper phosphate-protein hybrid heterostructure nanoflowers (Cu(II)-HNFs) in situ on nickel foam for the first time. The interaction between protein and copper ions facilitated the nucleation growth of copper phosphate crystals and self-assembly of hybrid nanosheets into exquisite flower-like nanostructures. The unique high-specific surface structure of Cu(II)-HNFs provided high-density catalytically active sites for copper phosphate. Also, the direct growth of Cu(II)-HNFs on the NiF surface enhanced the electron transfer efficiency during catalysis. As a result, Cu(II)-HNFs exhibit an excellent electrocatalytic efficacy in glucose sensing. Including wide linear range of 0.1-3000 μM, high sensitivity of 2497.1 μA mM⁻¹ cm⁻², ultra-low detection limit of 0.03 μM, good selectivity, and stability. Moreover, Cu(II)-HNFs@NiF has been validated as a reliable tool for detecting glucose in urine samples, with recoveries ranging from 92.9 % to 101.9 %. These findings demonstrate that the developed Cu(II)-HNFs@NiF has immense potential for non-invasive glucose monitoring through body fluids.