BiVO₄ photoanodes with enhanced photoelectrochemical performance: Preparation, modification and emerging applications

Solar water splitting is an emerging technology for producing clean and renewable hydrogen fuel from sunlight and water. Among various photoelectrode materials, bismuth vanadate (BiVO₄) has attracted considerable attention due to its visible light absorption, favorable band edge positions, good chemical stability, and low cost. However, the solar water splitting efficiency of BiVO₄ photoanodes is still far from satisfactory, mainly because of the low charge carrier mobility, high recombination rate, and slow water oxidation kinetics. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the synthesis, modification, and application of BiVO₄-based photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. The working principle of PEC water splitting and the fundamental properties of BiVO₄ are introduced. Then, the synthesis methods of BiVO₄ films are reviewed, and the strategies to enhance the PEC properties of BiVO₄ are critically discussed. Furthermore, the applications of BiVO₄-based photoelectrodes in different scenarios are highlighted. Finally, the summary and outlook for the future development of BiVO₄-based photoelectrodes for PEC water splitting are presented.