An Adjuvant Micelle-Based Multifunctional Nanosystem for Tumor Immunotherapy by Remodeling Three Types of Immunosuppressive Cells

Immunotherapy is restricted by a complex tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment (TIM) and low drug delivery efficiency. Herein, a multifunctional adjuvant micelle nanosystem (PPD/MPC) integrated with broken barriers and re-education of three classes of immune-tolerant cells is constructed for cancer immunotherapy. The nanosystem significantly conquers the penetration barrier via the weakly acidic tumor microenvironment-responsive size reduction and charge reversal strategy. The detached core micelle MPC could effectively be internalized by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells (TIDCs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) via mannose-mediated targeting endocytosis and electrostatic adsorption pathways, promoting the re-education of immunosuppressive cells for allowing them to reverse from pro-tumor to antitumor phenotypes by activating TLR4/9 pathways. This process in turn leads to the remodeling of TIM. In vitro and in vivo studies collectively indicate that the adjuvant micelle-based nanosystem not only relieves the intricate immune tolerance and remodels TIM via reprogramming the three types of immunosuppressive cells and regulating the secretion of relevant cytokines/immunity factors but also strengthens immune response and evokes immune memory, consequently suppressing the tumor growth and metastasis.