Advanced technical strategies for upscaling perovskite photovoltaics from cells to modules

Perovskite-based photovoltaics have attracted increasing research and industry interest owing to their abundant raw material, low-cost, high performance, and flexibility. After the rapid development of lab-scale perovskite solar cells (PSCs), there is a huge demand to promote their fab-scale manufacturing. Currently, great efforts have been made on developing large-area PSCs and their modules (PSMs), but it is still challenging to effectively fabricate efficient large-scale devices due to the problems brought by the amplification effect during scale-up. Therefore, an in-depth understanding on how to technically achieve the up-scaling of PSCs to PSMs is essential to further promote the lab-to-fab development of perovskite-based photovoltaics. In this review, we dedicate to providing a comprehensive review on the up-to-date progresses of the advanced technical strategies that aim at realizing upscale manufacturing of PSCs. We begin with the introduction of the problems during the upscaling of PSCs, including poor charge collection, inhomogeneous film-formation, and poor interfacial quality on large-area. Thereafter, the state-of-the-art strategies focusing on overcoming those problems are comprehensively summarized, including circuit design, large-area film deposition techniques, electrode design, and processing technique design. At last, we shed some light on the remaining challenges and promising opportunities to facilitate the lab-to-fab commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics.