A Study on the Effect of Transverse Flow Intensity on the Cavitation Characteristics of a Vehicle Launched Underwater

The high-speed motion of a vehicle underwater induces cavitation, and the resulting cavity alters the surface pressure distribution and flow field characteristics. This study employs a numerical approach combining the (Formula presented.) SST (Shear Stress Transport) turbulence model, the VOF (Volume of Fluid) multiphase flow model, the Schnerr–Sauer cavitation model, and the overlapping mesh technique. The numerical method is validated through the good agreement between simulation results and experimental data for both cavity shape and vehicle trajectory, with a maximum relative error of 6.1% in vertical displacement. The results indicate that during the launch-tube exit phase, with (Formula presented.) and (Formula presented.), the vehicle acceleration causes the pressure at its shoulder to drop below the saturated vapor pressure, initiating cavitation. Under transverse flow (intensity U = 0.016–0.05), the cavity becomes asymmetric. Specifically, the axial length and radial thickness on the back side are significantly larger than those on the face side, and this asymmetry intensifies with increasing transverse flow intensity. Furthermore, after exiting the launcher, the vehicle’s trajectory and attitude deflect towards the back side and the deflection amplitude increases, with horizontal displacement and attitude angle variation positively correlated with transverse flow intensity.