A Breathable, Dual-Parameter, User-Friendly Pulse Sensing Array Based on Hierarchical Leather Composite for Continuous, Accurate, and Wireless Blood Pressure Monitoring

Continuous, accurate blood pressure monitoring is critical for preventing and diagnosing hypertension-related diseases. However, current continuous monitoring devices are bulky and expensive, restricting their widespread use in early diagnosis. Furthermore, existing pulse-based sensing systems overlook user challenges in wearing comfort, pulse positioning, and susceptibility to acquisition conditions. Here, we develop a breathable, accurate, and integrated blood pressure monitoring system based on a flexible pressure sensor array, which is fabricated by patterned carboxylated carbon nanotube functionalized leather hierarchical composites. This array not only achieves high pulse sensing performance, featuring high fidelity, long-term durability (> 7 months), rapid response (70 ms) and recovery time (60 ms), but also retains the inherent moisture permeability (8.3 g•m⁻²•h⁻¹) and degradability of leather. Meanwhile, the sensor array is crosstalk-free and can significantly improve the success rate of pulse signal acquisition positioning. It features dynamic-static dual-parameter pressure sensing, and when combined with signal acquisition circuitry, enables decoupling pulse wave signals and wearing pressure from a single sensor—providing richer data for more accurate blood pressure estimation. Integrated with a trained neural network for blood pressure estimation, the AI-empowered system enables continuous, accurate, and reliable monitoring, highlighting its potential in personalized health management and early hypertension diagnosis.