极端环境用超高温陶瓷结构材料研究进展

Ultra-high temperature ceramic (UHTC) structural materials have emerged as critical candidates in the fields of aerospace, defense equipment, energy and power sectors due to their outstanding oxidation/ablation resistance, high-temperature strength retention, and thermal shock resistance in oxidative environments exceeding 1600 ℃. In recent years, extensive research has been achieved in both fundamental research and technological applications focusing on compositional control, structural design, fabrication techniques, and performance optimization of these materials. UHTC systems, characterized by carbides, borides and nitrides, are currently facing increasingly stringent demands for enhanced thermal performance in more complex environments. To further advance development of UHTC structural materials for such conditions, this paper systematically reviews the latest research progress in this field. Firstly, synthesis techniques of UHTC powders are elaborated. Subsequently, systems, densification methods and structural regulation strategies of UHTCs are presented. Furthermore, fabrication techniques and performance enhancement strategies of UHTC matrix composites (UHTCMCs), UHTCs modified carbon/carbon composites (UHTCs-C/C), and UHTC coatings are examined, with particular emphasis on the latest breakthroughs in oxidation/ablation resistance. Additionally, primary technical challenges related to the long-term stability and reliability of UHTC structural materials under extreme conditions are identified, and a forward-looking perspective on future development trends is provided.