Assessment model of blast injury: A narrative review

Craniocerebral and pulmonary injuries are primary blast-induced damages, assessed via numerical simulations, animal models, and postmortem human surrogates (PMHS). Recent years, the successful development of shock wave cell models and organoid models has provided new research directions for evaluation of blast injuries. Particularly human-derived organoids that can highly simulating the structure and function of human organs, significantly enhancing the physiological relevance of the models. Additionally, AI-based models (machine/deep learning) show promise in blast injury prediction and assessment. This review systematically summarizes the biological effects of explosive shock waves, the application of conventional assessment models and their limitations, and emerging technologies—cell/organoid models and AI applications. The utilization of cell models, human-derived organoid models, and AI models for the assessment of blast-induced biological injuries and subsequent research holds significant importance for understanding the cellular mechanisms of injury, protective research, and injury warning systems.